Research & Tools

This expert note discusses the role of blue foods in national climate planning through an analysis of 2025 round of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) from island and coastal countries. It examines how fisheries and aquaculture are reflected in climate commitments across mitigation and adaptation, as well as the extent to which countries consider equity and a range of blue food opportunities (including production, supply chains, diets and food environments, and livelihoods). It concludes with recommendations for NDC implementation and future global stocktake processes.

As more countries incorporate ocean-based climate action into their nationally determined contributions (NDCs), the focus is shifting from ambition to implementation. Drawing on trends in updated NDCs and 358 implementation support requests submitted through the NDC Partnership, this Expert Note identifies the enabling conditions countries need to translate ocean-climate commitments into measurable action.

This working paper provides a forward-looking preliminary analysis of how countries are integrating ocean-based climate actions into the 2025 NDCs submitted following the first Global Stocktake. It identifies trends in ambition, equity, and implementation readiness across ocean-related targets, policies, and measures.

The State of Climate Action 2025 provides the most comprehensive roadmap yet for closing the global gap in climate action to help keep the Paris Agreement goal within reach, as well as grades collective efforts to combat the climate crisis across key sectors. It finds that recent progress toward 1.5°C-aligned targets has largely failed to materialize at the required pace and scale and highlights where action must accelerate this decade to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, scale up carbon removal and increase climate finance.

This paper discusses how using the Triple Dividend of Resilience framework to evaluate the full benefits of 320 climate adaptation investments reveals their full value. Covering adaptation and resilience investments across 12 countries, the study finds that every $1 invested in adaptation can yield over $10.50 in benefits. With average returns of 20–27%, the analysis provides compelling evidence for scaling adaptation finance, improving data collection and appraisal methods, and unlocking synergies with mitigation.