Threats to Frontier Forests

		Percent of Threatened Forest Frontiers at Risk From:
Region	Percent of Frontier Forest Under Moderate or High Threat (i)	Logging	Mining, Roads and Other Infrastructure	Agricultural Clearing	Excessive Vegetation Removal	Other (ii)
Africa	77	79	12	17	8	41
Asia	60	50	10	20

9 24 North and
Central America 29 83 27 3 1 14 — Central America 87 5417 2329 13 — North America 26 8427 20 14 South America 54 6953 3214 5 Russia & Europe 19 86 51 4 29 18 — Europe 100800 020 0 — Russia 198651 429 18 Oceania (iii)764225 1538 27 World 397238 2014 13

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Notes:

(i) Frontier forests considered under immediate threat, as a percent of all frontier forest assessed for threat. Threatened frontier forests are places where ongoing or planned human activities are likely, if continued over coming decades, to result in the significant loss of natural qualities associated with all or part of these areas (for example, causing declines in, or local extinctions of, wildlife and plant populations, or large-scale changes in the age and structure of these forests).

(ii) "Other" includes such activities as overhunting, introduction of harmful exotic species, isolation of smaller frontier forest islands' through development of surrounding lands, changes in fire regimes and plantation establishment.

(iii) Oceania consists of Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand.