Status of coral reefs in Southeast Asia

Status of coral reefs classified by potential threat from human activities Southeast Asia: Over 80 percent of the reefs in this region are at risk, and over half (56 percent) are at high risk. Most of the coral reefs of the Philippines, Sabah, Eastern Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi were assessed at high potential threat from disturbance. More than 70 percent of the region’s people live within the coastal zone, putting heavy pressure on nearby marine resources.[1] Overfishing, destructive fishing practices, sedimentation, and pollution associated with coastal development are the biggest threats.[2] Southeast Asia contains one-quarter of the world’s mapped reefs. Indonesia and the Philippines account for a major portion of these habitats. Reefs in both countries are noted for extraordinarily high levels of diversity, each containing at least 2,500 species of fish.[3] Studies suggest that only 30 percent of reefs off both countries are in good or excellent condition (as measured by live coral cover).[4][5] Our results, which include threats from overfishing, indicate that virtually all of Philippine reefs, and 83 percent of Indonesia’s reefs, are at risk. Because of the reef area they contain, coastal zone policy and management decisions made by these two countries will have a major impact on the global heritage of coral reef diversity for future generations. During review of these final threat classifications, coral reef experts provided the following observation: The Spratly Islands have been classified predominantly as under low threat. This is probably an underestimate due to blast fishing, fishing with poisons, and shark fishing in that area. Estimated threat to coral reefs: low medium high Case studies:

• Reefs at risk country summaries and case studies
• Case studies from Reefs at Risk (June 1998)
• Apo and Balicasag Island reefs
• Australia: Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and Marine Park
• Bolinao Reef Complex
• Komodo National Park reefs
• Palau Rock Islands
• Seribu Islands reefs
• Sri Lanka: Hikkaduwa reefs
• Singapore: Reefs of the Southern Islands
• South China Sea: Scarborough Reef
• Tubbataha Reef

Data sources: Reef locations are based on 4-kilometer-resolution gridded data reflecting shallow coral reefs of the world by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). Reefs are classified according to the Reefs at Risk Indicator, an estimate of potential threat to coral reefs developed at the World Resources Institute (WRI). This estimate is a composite of four separate risk factors:

• Coastal development
• Marine-based pollution
• Overexploitation and
• Inland pollution and erosion

Notes