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Why are some groups that use common pool resources able to prevent the “tragedy of the commons” while others are not? By examining thousands of case studies, researchers have identified the following conditions as crucial for successful community management of shared resources.
- There is a clear definition of who has the right to use the resource and who does not, and clearly defined boundaries of the resource.
- Users feel that their obligations for managing and maintaining the resource are fair in light of the benefits received.
- Rules governing when and how the resource is used are adapted to local conditions.
- Most individuals affected by the rules can participate in setting or changing them.
- Use of the resource and compliance with rules is actively monitored by the users themselves or by parties accountable to the users.
- People violating the rules are disciplined by the users or by parties accountable to them, with penalties imposed in accordance with the seriousness and context of the offense.
- Local institutions are available to resolve conflicts quickly and at low cost.
- Government authorities recognize users’ rights to devise their own management institutions and plans.
Adapted from Ostrom 1990:90 |
