Notes
November 25, 2005.
2. A. Neftel et al., “Historical CO2 Record from the Siple Station Ice Core” (Bern: Physics Institute, University of Bern, 1994); C.D. Keeling and T.P. Whorf, “Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations (ppmv) Derived from In Situ Air Samples Collected at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii” (Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 2005).
3. The IPCC was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). It consists of approximately 2,000 of the world’s leading scientists and economists who research and issue peer-reviewed reports on climate change.
4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (Summary for Policy Makers)” and “Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis.”
5. IPCC, “Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (Summary for Policy Makers).”
6. Such an emissions reduction would achieve a 2°C target with a probability exceeding 85 percent. The reduction figure excludes emissions from changes in land use and forestry. Significant climate damages may still be associated
with a 2° C increase in global temperatures. See M. G. den Elzen and M. Meinshausen, “Meeting the EU 2° C Climate Target: Global and Regional Emissions Implications” (Bilthoven: Netherlands Environmental Assessment
Agency, 2005).
7. United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiatives (UNEP FI), “Climate Change & The Financial Services Industry, Module 1—Threats and Opportunities,” report prepared for the UNEP FI Climate Change Working Group by Innovest Strategic Value Advisors, July 2002.
8. IPCC, “Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (Summary for Policy Makers).”
9. Swiss Re, “Preliminary Swiss Re Sigma Estimates of Catastrophic Losses in 2005,” December 20, 2005.
10. K. Emanuel, “Increasing Destructiveness of Tropical Cyclones over the Past 30 Years,” Nature 436 (2005):
686–88.
11. The eight arctic nations are Canada, Denmark/Greenland/ Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States.
12. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), “Impacts of a Warming Arctic (Highlights)” (2004).
13. IPCC, “Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (Summary for Policy Makers).”
14. ACIA, “Impacts of a Warming Arctic.”
15. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, “Living beyond Our Means: Natural Assets and Human Well-Being,” Statement from the Board, March 2005.
16. IPCC, “Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (Summary for Policy Makers).”
17. T.P. Barnett, J.C. Adam, D.P. Lettenmaier, 2005: “Potential Impacts of a Warming Climate on Water Availability in Snow-Dominated Regions”, Nature, November 2005, 438: 303–309.
18. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, “Living beyond Our Means”; IPCC, “Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (Summary for Policy Makers).”
19. IPCC, “Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (Summary for Policy Makers).”
20. World Health Organization, A.J. McMichael, et al., “Climate and Human Health — Risks and Responses,” WHO, Geneva 2003.
21. J. A. Patz, D. Campbell-Lendrum, T. Holloway, and J. A. Foley, “Impact of Regional Climate Change on Human Health,” Nature, November 2005, 438: 310–17.
22. IPCC, “Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (Summary for Policy Makers).”
23. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, “Living beyond Our Means.”
24. World Resources Institute, “People and Ecosystems: The Fraying Web of Life” (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2000/2001).
25. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, “Living beyond Our Means.”
26. ACIA, “Impacts of a Warming Arctic.”
